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<title>Chinese script styles</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese script styles</span></span>

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<p><a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> may be written using several major historical styles, which developed organically over the history of Chinese script. There are also various major regional styles associated with various modern and historical polities.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></div>

<p>The traditional model of scripts appearing suddenly in a well-defined order has been discredited by modern comparative study, which clearly indicates the gradual evolution and coexistence of styles.

</p>

<caption>Historical Chinese character scripts

</caption>

<th scope="col">First appearance

</th></tr>

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<th scope="row" style="text-align:right"><a href="Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a>

</th>

</td></tr>

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<th scope="row" style="text-align:right"><a href="Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">Large seal script</a>

</th>

</td></tr>

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<th scope="row" style="text-align:right"><a href="Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">Small seal script</a>

</th>

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<th scope="row" style="text-align:right"><a href="Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical script</a>

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<th scope="row" style="text-align:right"><a href="Semi-cursive" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-cursive">Semi-cursive</a>

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<th scope="row" style="text-align:right"><a href="Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a>

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<th scope="row" style="text-align:right"><a href="Regular_script" title="Regular script">Regular script</a>

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<p>When used in decorative ornamentation, such as book covers, movie posters, and wall hangings, characters are often written in ancient variations or simplifications that deviate from the modern standards used in Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese or Korean. Modern variations or simplifications of characters, akin to Chinese <a href="Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">simplified characters</a> or Japanese <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Shinjitai" title="Shinjitai">shinjitai</a></i></span> are occasionally used, especially since many simplified forms derive from cursive forms.

</p><p>The Japanese syllabaries of katakana and hiragana are used in calligraphy; <a href="Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> were derived from the shapes of regular script characters, and <a href="Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a> were derived from cursive forms. Following the <a href="Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> hangul saw increased use in calligraphy. In Vietnam, recent calligraphy tends to use the <a href="Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a> in parallel with both <a href="Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a> and <a href="Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ Nôm</a> characters.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seal_script">Seal script</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a></div>

<p>The seal script is the formal system of character forms that evolved in the <a href="State_of_Qin" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Qin">state of Qin</a> during the <a href="Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a> dynasty (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 771</span> – 256 BC), and later imposed as the standard across the country following <a href="Qin's_wars_of_unification" title="Qin's wars of unification">Qin's wars of unification</a>. Although some modern calligraphers practice the most ancient <a href="Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">oracle bone script</a> as well as various other scripts older than seal script found on Zhou dynasty <a href="Bronze_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze inscriptions">bronze inscriptions</a>, seal script is the oldest style that continues to be widely practised.

</p><p>Today, seal script is predominantly used for the <a href="Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">seals</a> that give it its English name. Though East Asian seals—or <i>name chops</i>—are carved in materials like wood and jade, the forms themselves were originally written with brush and ink on bamboo slips and other media. Most modern readers cannot easily decipher seal script, and it is generally not used outside calligraphy and the production of seals. However, because seals act like legal <a href="Signature" title="Signature">signatures</a> in the cultures of <a href="Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">China</a>, <a href="Japanese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese culture">Japan</a>, <a href="Korean_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean culture">Korea</a>, and <a href="Vietnamese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese culture">Vietnam</a>, and because vermilion seal impressions are fundamental to aesthetic presentations of art like calligraphy and paintings, seal script remains ubiquitous.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clerical_script">Clerical script</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical script</a></div>

<p>The <i>clerical script</i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">隶书</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">隸書</span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">lìshū</i></span>)—sometimes called <i>official</i>, <i>draft</i>, or <i>scribal</i> script—is popularly thought to have developed in the Han dynasty and to have come directly from seal script, but recent archaeological discoveries and scholarship indicate that it instead developed from a roughly executed and rectilinear popular or "vulgar" variant of the seal script as well as seal script itself, resulting first in what are called "proto-clerical" forms during the <a href="Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> and <a href="Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>—which then developed into clerical script during the early Han, and matured stylistically thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu200059,_104–108_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu200059,_104–108-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Clerical script characters are often "flat" in appearance, being wider than the preceding seal script and the modern standard script, both of which tend to be taller than they are wide; some versions of clerical are square, and others are wider. Compared with the preceding seal script, forms are strikingly rectilinear; however, some curvature and some seal script influence often remains. Seal script tended towards uniformity of stroke width, but clerical script gave the brush freer rein, returning to the variations in width seen in early Zhōu brushwork. Most noticeable is the dramatically flared tail of one dominant horizontal or downward-diagonal stroke, especially that to the lower right. This characteristic stroke has famously been called 'silkworm head and wild goose tail' (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蠶頭雁尾</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">cántóu yànwěi</i></span>) due to its distinctive shape.

</p><p>The <i>proto-clerical script</i> that was used from the <a href="Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> to the early <a href="Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> can often be difficult to read for a modern East Asian person, but the mature clerical script of the middle to late Han dynasty is generally legible. Modern calligraphy and practical applications like advertisements that use the clerical script tend to use the mature Han style, and may also use modernized character structures, resulting in a form as transparent and legible as regular (or standard) script. The clerical script remains common as a typeface used for decorative purposes (for example, in displays), but other than in artistic calligraphy, adverts and signage, it is not commonly written.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semi-cursive_script">Semi-cursive script</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive script</a></div>

<p>The <i>semi-cursive script</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">行書</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">xíngshū</i></span>) approximates normal handwriting in which strokes and, more rarely, characters are allowed to run into one another. In writing in the semi-cursive script, the brush leaves the paper less often than in the regular script. Characters appear less angular and instead rounder.

</p><p>In general, an educated person in China or Japan can read characters written in the semi-cursive script with relative ease, but may have occasional difficulties with certain idiosyncratic shapes.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cursive_script">Cursive script</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive script</a></div>

<p>The <i>cursive script</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">草書</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">cǎoshū</i></span>), sometimes called <i>sloppy script</i>, is a fully cursive script, with drastic simplifications requiring specialized knowledge; hence it is difficult to read for those unfamiliar with it.

</p><p>Entire characters may be written without lifting the brush from the paper at all, and characters frequently flow into one another. Strokes are modified or eliminated to facilitate smooth writing and to create a beautiful, abstract appearance. Characters are highly rounded and soft in appearance, with a noticeable lack of angular lines. Due to the drastic simplification and ligature involved, this script is not considered particularly legible to the average person, and thus has never achieved widespread use beyond the realm of literati calligraphers.

</p><p>The cursive script is the source of Japanese <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a></i></span>, as well as many modern simplified forms in Simplified Chinese characters and Japanese <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shinjitai</i></span>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regular_script">Regular script</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Regular_script" title="Regular script">Regular script</a></div>

<p>The regular script (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楷書</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">kǎishū</i></span>) is the last major calligraphic style to develop, emerging during the Han and <a href="Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> periods, gaining dominance during the <a href="Northern_and_Southern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern and Southern period">Northern and Southern period</a> (420–589), and ultimately maturing during the <a href="Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (619–908). It emerged from a neatly written, semi-cursive form of clerical script. As the name suggests, the regular script has been highly regularized, with the strokes made distinct from one another, in deliberate brush stroked lifting off the paper.

</p><p>Regular script is the most widely recognized style, and is the form taught to children in East Asian countries and others first learning to write characters. For students of calligraphy, regular script is usually studied first in order to provide students a base of knowledge from which to learn other, more flowing styles, including a sense of correct placement and balance.

</p><p><a href="Ming_typefaces" title="Ming typefaces">Ming typefaces</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">明體</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">míngtǐ</i></span>) are derived from the <i>regular script</i> since the <a href="Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edomoji"><i>Edomoji</i></h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Edomoji" title="Edomoji">Edomoji</a></div>

<p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Edomoji</i></span> comprises a large family of calligraphic styles native to Japan, named for the <a href="Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> period in Japanese history when they were created. Examples include 'sumo letters' (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sumōmoji</i></span>) used to write <a href="Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a> wrestling posters, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kanteiryū</i></span> used for <a href="Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a>, and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">higemoji</i></span>. These styles are typically not taught in Japanese calligraphy schools.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Munjado"><i>Munjado</i></h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Minhwa" title="Minhwa">Minhwa</a></div>

<p><i>Munjado</i> is a Korean decorative style of rendering Chinese characters in which brush strokes are replaced with representational paintings that provide commentary on the meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The characters thus rendered are traditionally those for the eight Confucian virtues of humility, honor, duty, propriety, trust, loyalty, brotherly love, and filial piety.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="L%E1%BB%87nh_th%C6%B0" title="Lệnh thư">Lệnh thư</a></div>

<p>A Vietnamese calligraphic script known as <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Lệnh thư</i></span> (<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">令書</span></span>), as its name suggests, is mainly found in imperial edicts starting from the <a href="Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê dynasty</a>. The writing script is defined by its distinct sharp upward hooks.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Huaya"><i>Huaya</i></h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Huaya" title="Huaya">Huaya</a></div>

<p>A <i>huaya</i> is a stylized calligraphic signature traditionally used by emperors, politicians, artists, and craftsmen across East Asia.

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Eight_Principles_of_Yong" title="Eight Principles of Yong">Eight Principles of <i>Yong</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Stroke_order" title="Stroke order">Stroke order</a></li>

<li><a href="Wonton_font" title="Wonton font">Wonton font</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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</li>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313175854/http://www.nfm.go.kr:8080/english/search/sch_src/full.cgi?v_kw_str=&v_db=2&v_doc_no=00000671">"Munjado"</a>. <i>National Folk Museum of Korea</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfm.go.kr:8080/english/search/sch_src/full.cgi?v_kw_str=&v_db=2&v_doc_no=00000671">the original</a> on 2007-03-13.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFQiu2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Qiu_Xigui" title="Qiu Xigui">Qiu Xigui (裘锡圭)</a> (2000) [1988]. <i>Chinese Writing</i>. Translated by Mattos, Gilbert L.; Norman, Jerry. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-55729-071-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBoltz1994" class="citation book cs1">Boltz, William G. (1994). <i>The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System</i>. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-940490-78-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKeightley2000" class="citation book cs1">——— (2000). <i>The Ancestral Landscape: Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang China (ca. 1200–1045 B.C.)</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-55729-070-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNorman1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Norman, Jerry</a> (1988). <i>Chinese</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-29653-3</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDeFrancis1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_DeFrancis" title="John DeFrancis">DeFrancis, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/visible/index.html">"Chinese"</a>. <i>Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8248-1207-2</bdi> – via pinyin.info.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_script_styles57" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Chinese_script_styles57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handwritten scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">甲骨文</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">金文</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">篆書</span></span></span>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">Large</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大篆</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">Small</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">小篆</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">隸書</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Regular_script" title="Regular script">Regular script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">楷書</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">行書</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">草書</span></span></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Typeface" title="Typeface">Typefaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Derived_from_regular_script27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derived from regular script</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Fangsong" title="Fangsong">Fangsong</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">仿宋體</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="East_Asian_Gothic_typeface" title="East Asian Gothic typeface">Gothic</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">黑體</span></span></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language163" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Chinese_language163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Major_linguistic_groups163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major linguistic groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li>

<li><a href="Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li>

<li><a href="Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li>

<li><a href="Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li>

<li><a href="Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li>

<li><a href="Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li>

<li><a href="Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a>

<li><a href="Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li>

<li><a href="Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li>

<li><a href="Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li>

<li>(?) <a href="Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a>

<ul><li><a href="Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Renshou–Fushun

<ul><li><a href="Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li>

<li><a href="Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li>

<li><a href="Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Lanzhou dialect</li>

<li>Ürümqi dialect</li>

<li><a href="Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li>

<li><a href="Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li>

<li><a href="Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li>

<li>(?) <a href="Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li>

<li><a href="Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li>

<li><a href="Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Huizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>Yanzhou</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Houguan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li>

<li><a href="Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li>

<li><a href="Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li>

<li><a href="Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Fu–Ning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian</a></li>

<li><a href="Xianyou_dialect" title="Xianyou dialect">Xianyou</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li>

<li><a href="Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan</a></li>

<li><a href="Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Malaysia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li>

<li><a href="Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li>

<li><a href="Pontianak_Teochew" title="Pontianak Teochew">Pontianak</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li>

<li><a href="Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li>

<li><a href="Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li>

<li>Banqiao</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Inland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a>

<li><a href="Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li>

<li><a href="Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Huiyang

<ul><li><a href="Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pontianak_Hakka" title="Pontianak Hakka">Pontianak</a></li>

<li><a href="Singkawang_Hakka" title="Singkawang Hakka">Singkawang</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li>

<li><a href="Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Yuehai_Yue" title="Yuehai Yue">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a>

<li><a href="Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li>

<li><a href="Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li>

<li><a href="Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li>

<li><a href="Yunfu_Cantonese" title="Yunfu Cantonese">Yunfu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li>

<li>Xinhui</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li>

<li><a href="Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern Pinghua</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li>

<li><a href="Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern Pinghua</a>

<ul><li>Yongjiang</li>

<li>Guandao</li>

<li>Rongjiang</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li>

<li><a href="Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li>

<li><a href="She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li>

<li><a href="Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li>

<li><a href="Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">(?) <a href="Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li>

<li><a href="Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li>

<li><a href="Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Standard_forms_of_Chinese163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard forms of Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a><br>(<a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li>

<li><a href="Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li>

<li><a href="Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Other varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li>

<li><a href="Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="History,_phonology,_and_grammar163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History, phonology, and grammar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a>

<li><a href="Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li>

<li><a href="Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Written_Chinese_and_input_methods163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Written Chinese and input methods</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li>

<li><a href="Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li>

<li><a href="Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles39" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li>

<li><a href="Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>

<ul><li><a href="Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li>

<li><a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li>

<li><a href="Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiao'erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Chinese_input_method" title="Chinese input method">Input methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Logographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li>

<li>Boshiamy</li>

<li><a href="Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a>

<ul><li><a href="Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li>

<li>Microsoft</li>

<li><a href="Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <a href="List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Chinese_script_styles&oldid=1304341670">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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